[Disciplinar thematic integration in medicine: a proposal from histology and embryology]. / Integración temática disciplinar en medicina: una propuesta desde histología y embriología.

This paper intends to clarify a concept with multiple meanings and a complex reality. It starts providing varied histological and embryological examples apt to contribute the stimulation of teacher and student imaginations in favor of a crucial skill, as thematic integration is, into the present and changing curricula in Medicine in particular and Health Sciences in general. In this sense, it offers linear and branched sequences as well as consolidation graphics which focusing in both disciplines may also include other basic ones, key for clinic diagnosis, among the competences to be developed. After registering some preliminary results revealing the need of its continuous and progressive training along the complete medical career, its own integrative value and the integrative one for their teachers due to its natural link with other basic ones is outlined, its relevance for undergraduate is reaffirmed and possible future variations for them are previewed, considering the present exponential growth of science and technology.

Este trabajo intenta aclarar un concepto con múltiples significados y una realidad compleja y proveer ejemplos de distinta dificultad centrados en la Histología y la Embriología, potencialmente útiles para currículos tradicionales y, esencialmente, para aquéllos en vías de transformación dentro de la Medicina en particular y de las Ciencias de la Salud en general. En ese sentido, propone secuencias lineales, ramificadas y gráficas de consolidación que, pivoteando en ambas disciplinas, pueden comprender también a otras ciencias básicas, todas de significado clave para el diagnóstico clínico. Tras registrar algunos resultados que, aunque limitados, revelarían la necesidad de su entrenamiento continuo y en complejidad creciente a lo largo de la carrera médica, se subraya su valor integrador intrínseco así como la potencialidad integradora que desarrolla en quienes las cultivan en virtud de su ligazón natural con otras disciplinas básicas. Asimismo, a la par que se reafirma la relevancia de una y otra en el grado, se vislumbran posibles variaciones en las mismas en virtud de los exponenciales avances científico-tecnológicos de la hora.

Integración temática disciplinar en medicina: una propuesta desde histología y embriología / [Disciplinar thematic integration in medicine: a proposal from histology and embryology].

This paper intends to clarify a concept with multiple meanings and a complex reality. It starts providing varied histological and embryological examples apt to contribute the stimulation of teacher and student imaginations in favor of a crucial skill, as thematic integration is, into the present and changing curricula in Medicine in particular and Health Sciences in general. In this sense, it offers linear and branched sequences as well as consolidation graphics which focusing in both disciplines may also include other basic ones, key for clinic diagnosis, among the competences to be developed. After registering some preliminary results revealing the need of its continuous and progressive training along the complete medical career, its own integrative value and the integrative one for their teachers due to its natural link with other basic ones is outlined, its relevance for undergraduate is reaffirmed and possible future variations for them are previewed, considering the present exponential growth of science and technology.

Integración temática disciplinar en medicina: una propuesta desde histología y embriología. / [Disciplinar thematic integration in medicine: a proposal from histology and embryology].

This paper intends to clarify a concept with multiple meanings and a complex reality. It starts providing varied histological and embryological examples apt to contribute the stimulation of teacher and student imaginations in favor of a crucial skill, as thematic integration is, into the present and changing curricula in Medicine in particular and Health Sciences in general. In this sense, it offers linear and branched sequences as well as consolidation graphics which focusing in both disciplines may also include other basic ones, key for clinic diagnosis, among the competences to be developed. After registering some preliminary results revealing the need of its continuous and progressive training along the complete medical career, its own integrative value and the integrative one for their teachers due to its natural link with other basic ones is outlined, its relevance for undergraduate is reaffirmed and possible future variations for them are previewed, considering the present exponential growth of science and technology.

Montelukast treatment (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist) in a model of food allergy: modifications in lymphatic cell population from rectal mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to determine immunopathological modifications in rectal mucosa from rabbits after local challenge in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized animals previously treated with montelukast. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: thirty two rabbits divided into four groups: G1: normal; G2: subcutaneously OVA sensitized; G3: sensitized, locally OVA challenged and sampled 4 hours after challenge; and G4: sensitized, locally OVA challenged and treated 4 hours before challenge with montelukast (0.15 mg/kg). Specific anti-OVA IgE levels were evaluated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA). In each group 200 high microscopical power fields (HPF) were counted. Results were expressed as arithmetic mean and SE. Anti -CD4, CD5, micro chain monoclonal antibodies were used. Avidin biotin horseradish peroxidase system was used. RESULTS: CD 4: G1: 8.3 +/- 0.06; G2: 13.4 +/- 0.08, G3: 8.25 +/- 0.06, G4: 11.8 +/- 0.02. CD 5: G1: 7.3 +/- 0.05; G2: 9.4 +/- 0.05, G3: 11.3 +/- 0.06, G4: 8.1 +/- 0.06. mu chain: G1: 10.4 +/- 0.06; G2: 3.8 +/- 0.02, G3: 6.0 +/- 0.10, G4: 2.2 +/- 0.10. In all cases, experimental groups (G3 vs. G4) presented statistical significant differences (p < 0.05). CD4+, CD5+ cells and mu chain+ decrease in experimental group (G4), probably due to lymphocyte migration inhibition to challenged mucosa. mu chain+ cell decrease could be based on B cell activation and expression of different surface immunoglobulins. Cells expressing mu chain decreased in G2 and G3 likely due to activation of B cells and subsequent expression of other immunoglobulin chains in cell surface. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that obtained data are important to elucidate immunopathology of local anaphylactic reaction in rectal mucosa from systemic sensitized animals after treatment with montelukast.

Montelukast treatment (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist) in a model of food allergy: modifications in lymphatic cell population from rectal mucosa

Objective: the aim is to determine immunopathological modifications in rectal mucosa from rabbits after local challenge in ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized animals previously treated with montelukast. Material and methods: experimental design: thirty two rabbits divided into four groups: G1: normal; G2: subcutaneously OVA sensitized; G3: sensitized, locally OVA challenged and sampled 4 hours after challenge; and G4: sensitized, locally OVA challenged and treated 4 hours before challenge with montelukast (0.15 mg/kg). Specific anti-OVA IgE levels were evaluated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA). In each group 200 high microscopical power fields (HPF) were counted. Results were expressed as arithmetic mean and SE. Anti -CD4, CD5, micro chain monoclonal antibodies were used. Avidin biotin horseradish peroxidase system was used. Results: CD 4: G1: 8.3 ± 0.06; G2: 13.4 ± 0.08, G3: 8.25 ± 0.06, G4: 11.8 ± 0.02. CD 5: G1: 7.3 ± 0.05; G2: 9.4 ± 0.05, G3: 11.3 ± 0.06, G4: 8.1 ± 0.06. ì chain: G1: 10.4 ± 0.06; G2: 3.8 ± 0.02, G3: 6.0 ± 0.10, G4: 2.2 ± 0.10. In all cases, experimental groups (G3 vs. G4) presented statistical significant differences (p < 0.05). CD4+, CD5+ cells and micro chain+ decrease in experimental group (G4), probably due to lymphocyte migration inhibition to challenged mucosa. micro chain+ cell decrease could be based on B cell activation and expression of different surface immunoglobulins. Cells expressing micro chain decreased in G2 and G3 likely due to activation of B cells and subsequent expression of other immunoglobulin chains in cell surface. Conclusions: we conclude that obtained data are important to elucidate immunopathology of local anaphylactic reaction in rectal mucosa from systemic sensitized animals after treatment with montelukast(AU)

Immunopathological modifications in the rectal mucosa from an animal model of food allergy.

AIM: The aim is to determine immunopathological modifications in rectal mucosa from rabbit after local challenge in sensitized animals with ovalbumin (OVA). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Thirty rabbits divided into three groups: G1: normal, G2: subcutaneously OVA sensitized, G3: sensitized, locally OVA challenged and sampled 4 hours after challenge. Specific anti-OVA IgE levels were evaluated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA). In each group 200 high microscopical power fields (HPF) were counted. Results were expressed as arithmetic mean and SE. Statistical analysis was made using Student t test. Anti-CD4, CD5, micro chain, CD25 and RLA II monoclonal antibodies were used. Avidin biotin horseradish peroxidase system was used. RESULTS: CD 4: G1: 8.3 +/- 0.06; G2: 13.4 +/- 0.08 and G3: 8.25 +/- 0.06. CD 5: G1: 7.3 +/- 0.05; G2: 9.4 +/- 0.05 and G3: 11.3 +/- 0.06. CD 25: G1: 13 +/- 0.08; G2: 15.1 +/- 0.13 and G3: 25.5 +/- 0.15. mu chain: G1: 10.4 +/- 0.06; G2: 3.8 +/- 0.02 and G3: 6.0 +/- 0.10. RLA II (DR): G1: 11.6 +/- 0.05; G2: 19.2 +/- 0.09 and G3: 19.1 +/- 0.11. In all cases, experimental groups (G2 and G3) presented statistical significant differences vs. control group (G1) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-2 receptor (CD25+ cells) increase in experimental groups. Cells expressing micro chain decreased in G2 and G3 likely due to activation of B cells and subsequent expression of other immunoglobulin chains in cell surface. RLA II expression is higher in G2 and G3. This receptor is considered an activation marker expressed by macrophages, T and B cells. We conclude that obtained data are important to elucidate immunopathology of local anaphylactic reaction in rectal mucosa from systemic sensitized animals.

Sensitization increases esterase-positive macrophage number in appendix from an animal model of food allergy.

BACKGROUND: Macrophages are mononuclear cells with phagocytic and antigen presenting properties. The role of macrophages in IgE-dependent allergic reactions and oral tolerance remains unclear. In previous works we demonstrated that ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rabbits present histopathological modifications of the mucosa in different regions of the digestive tract. The present study analyzes macrophage distribution and quantitative modifications in the cecal appendix of OVA-sensitized animals. METHODS: Adult new Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups: G1 (non-sensitized normal controls) and G2 (rabbits sensitized to OVA twice by subcutaneous route, with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant). The alpha-naphthyl esterase technique was used for macrophage detection. RESULTS: Specific anti-OVA IgE was detected in sensitized animals by the PCA (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) method. In 5 regions of the cecal appendix we observed a significant increase in the number of macrophages in sensitized animals (G2) versus the control group (G1). The observed sensitization-mediated increase in cells is probably related to enhanced recruitment of monocytes from peripheral blood towards the appendix. This process could be induced by chemical mediators, and demonstrates macrophage participation in local immune response during sensitization phenomena.

Sensitization increases esterase-positive macrophage number in appendix from an animal model of food allergy

Background: Macrophages are mononuclear cells with phagocytic and antigen presenting properties. The role of macrophages in IgE-dependent allergic reactions and oral tolerance remains unclear. In previous works we demonstrated that ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rabbits present histopathological modifications of the mucosa in different regions of the digestive tract. The present study analyzes macrophage distribution and quantitative modifications in the cecal appendix of OVA-sensitized animals. Methods: Adult new Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups: G1 (non-sensitized normal controls) and G2 (rabbits sensitized to OVA twice by subcutaneous route, with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant). The alpha-naphthyl esterase technique was used for macrophage detection. Results: Specific anti-OVA IgE was detected in sensitized animals by the PCA (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) method. In 5 regions of the cecal appendix we observed a significant increase in the number of macrophages in sensitized animals (G2) versus the control group (G1). The observed sensitization-mediated increase in cells is probably related to enhanced recruitment of monocytes from peripheral blood towards the appendix. This process could be induced by chemical mediators, and demonstrates macrophage participation in local immune response during sensitization phenomena

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Modificaciones inmunopatológicas de la mucosa rectal en un modelo animal de alergia alimentaria / Immunopathological modifications in the rectal mucosa from an animal model of food allergy

Objetivo: determinar las modificaciones inmunopatológicasen la mucosa rectal de conejo sensibilizado con ovoalbúmina(OVA) y desafiado localmente.Diseño experimental: treinta conejos divididos en tres gruposG1: normal; G2 sensibilizado por vía subcutánea con OVA yG3: sensibilizado y desafiado localmente con OVA y muestreados4 horas después del desafío. Los niveles de IgE anti-OVA específicafueron evaluados por el test de anafilaxia cutánea pasiva (PCA).Se contaron 200 campos de mayor aumento en cada grupo. Losresultados fueron expresados como media aritmética y error standardaplicándose el test de la t de Student.Resultados: CD 4: G1: 8,3 ± 0,06; G2: 13,4 ± 0,08 y G3:8,25 ± 0,06. CD 5: G1: 7,3 ± 0,05; G2: 9,4 ± 0,05 y G3: 11,3 ±0,06. CD 25: G1: 13., ± 0,08; G2: 15,1 ± 0,13 y G3: 25,5 ± 0,15.Cadena µ: G1: 10,4 ± 0,06; G2: 3,8 ± 0,02 y G3: 6,0 ± 0,10. RLAII (DR): G1: 11,6 ± 0,O5; G2: 19,2 ± 0,09 y G3: 19,1 ± 0,11. Entodos los casos los grupos G2 y G3 presentaron diferencias estadísticamentesignificativas versus G1 (p < 0,001).Conclusión: observamos un incremento en el número de célulasCD25+ (receptor interleuquina-2) en G3 y una disminuciónen células cadena µ positivas en G2 y G3, probablemente debidoa la activación de células B y expresión de otras inmunoglobulinasen superficie celular. La expresión de RLA II fue mayor en G2 yG3. Este receptor es considerado un marcador de activación expresadopor macrófagos, células T y B. Concluimos que los datosobtenidos constituyen un aporte al conocimiento de la inmunopatologíade la reacción anafiláctica local en mucosa rectal en animalessensibilizados por vía sistémica

Aim: the aim is to determine immunopathological modificationsin rectal mucosa from rabbit after local challenge in sensitizedanimals with ovalbumin (OVA).Experimental design: thirty rabbits divided into threegroups: G1: normal, G2: subcutaneously OVA sensitized, G3:sensitized, locally OVA challenged and sampled 4 hours afterchallenge. Specific anti-OVA IgE levels were evaluated by passivecutaneous anaphylaxis test (PCA). In each group 200 high microscopicalpower fields (HPF) were counted. Results were expressedas arithmetic mean and SE. Statistical analysis was made usingStudent t test. Anti-CD4, CD5, µ chain, CD25 and RLA II monoclonalantibodies were used. Avidin biotin horseradish peroxidasesystem was used.Results: CD 4: G1: 8,3 ± 0,06; G2: 13,4 ± 0,08 and G3:8,25 ± 0,06. CD 5: G1: 7,3 ± 0,05; G2: 9,4 ± 0,05 and G3:11,3 ± 0,06. CD 25: G1: 13 ± 0,08; G2: 15,1 ± 0,13 and G3:25,5 ± 0,15. µ chain: G1: 10,4 ± 0,06; G2: 3,8 ± 0,02 and G3:6,0 ± 0,10. RLA II (DR): G1: 11,6 ± 0,O5; G2: 19,2 ± 0,09 andG3: 19,1 ± 0,11. In all cases, experimental groups (G2 and G3)presented statistical significant differences vs. control group (G1)(p < 0.001).Conclusions: interleukin-2 receptor (CD25+ cells) increase inexperimental groups. Cells expressing µ chain decreased in G2and G3 likely due to activation of B cells and subsequent expressionof other immunoglobulin chains in cell surface. RLA II expressionis higher in G2 and G3. This receptor is considered anactivation marker expressed by macrophages, T and B cells. Weconclude that obtained data are important to elucidate immunopathologyof local anaphylactic reaction in rectal mucosafrom systemic sensitized animals

Olvido de los contenidos de histologia en alumnos de medicina / Forgetfulness of the histology curriculum in medical students

Memoria: capacidad de grabación, archivo, clasificación y recuperación posterior de información., esencial en el procesamiento de información y el aprendizaje en analogía con la computadora. Olvido: fracaso para transferir información de la memoria a corto plazo a la memoria a largo plazo o para recuperar información de esta Objetivo: evaluar en los alumnos el olvido de los contenidos de Histología un año y medio después del cursado; recabar el grado de utilidad asignado a los mismos en las asignaturas de segundo y tercer año Alumnos de alto rendimiento en 2002 (n=26) fueron evaluados con 20 preguntas de citología y tejidos y 20 de organografía Con respuesta sugeridas 20 y 20 de breve completación. Expresaron el grado de utilidad de los contenidos en el cursado de Fisiología y Físico-Química, y en el primer cuatrimestre de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Farmacología. Se cotejó el rendimiento del curso 2002 con la prueba actual y en esta los resultados de preguntas de citología y tejidos versus órganos y de respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La pérdida fue del orden del 50% en la rememoración de los contenidos (37.07 :!: 1,76 = 92,6% vs. l8,52:!: 4,33 = 46,3%) sin diferencia entre citología y tejidos versus órganos ni entre respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La mayor utilidad de los contenidos se refiere a Anatomía Patológica (69%) y Fisiología (50%) y la menor a Fisicoquímica. (7%) Estimamos que el olvido en nuestros alumnos hubiese sido aun mayor sin el empleo de técnicas activas de aprendizaje.

MEMORY: ability to record, file, classify and later recover of information., essential in processing information and learning, in analogy with a computer. FORGETFULNESS: failure to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory or to recover information from the latter. AIM: to study forgetfulness in contents of Histology in students one and half year after regular course. To evaluate level of re-utilization of contents in second and third year courses. Students with high performance in 2002 (n=26) were evaluated with 20 cytology and histology questions and 20 questions related to organs. 20 multiple choice and 20 brief filled answers were used, expressing the level of usefulness of the contents in Physiology and Physicochemistry, and in the first quarter of Pathology, Microbiology and Pharmacology. The performance of 2002 course was compared with the current test, results of cytology and histology questions versus organs ones and multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The loss was in the order of 50% in the recovery of contents (37.07 +/- 1,76 = 92,6% vs. 18,52 +/- 4,33 = 46,3%) without difference between cytology and histology versus organs neither among multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The highest usefulness in the contents refers to Pathology (69%) and Physiology (50%) and the lesser to PhysicoChemistry.(7%) We estimate that forgetfulness in our students would have been even higher without the employment of active techniques of learning.

Olvido de los contenidos de histologia en alumnos de medicina / Forgetfulness of the histology curriculum in medical students

Memoria: capacidad de grabación, archivo, clasificación y recuperación posterior de información., esencial en el procesamiento de información y el aprendizaje en analogía con la computadora. Olvido: fracaso para transferir información de la memoria a corto plazo a la memoria a largo plazo o para recuperar información de esta Objetivo: evaluar en los alumnos el olvido de los contenidos de Histología un año y medio después del cursado; recabar el grado de utilidad asignado a los mismos en las asignaturas de segundo y tercer año Alumnos de alto rendimiento en 2002 (n=26) fueron evaluados con 20 preguntas de citología y tejidos y 20 de organografía Con respuesta sugeridas 20 y 20 de breve completación. Expresaron el grado de utilidad de los contenidos en el cursado de Fisiología y Físico-Química, y en el primer cuatrimestre de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Farmacología. Se cotejó el rendimiento del curso 2002 con la prueba actual y en esta los resultados de preguntas de citología y tejidos versus órganos y de respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La pérdida fue del orden del 50% en la rememoración de los contenidos (37.07 :!: 1,76 = 92,6% vs. l8,52:!: 4,33 = 46,3%) sin diferencia entre citología y tejidos versus órganos ni entre respuesta sugerida versus a completar. La mayor utilidad de los contenidos se refiere a Anatomía Patológica (69%) y Fisiología (50%) y la menor a Fisicoquímica. (7%) Estimamos que el olvido en nuestros alumnos hubiese sido aun mayor sin el empleo de técnicas activas de aprendizaje.(AU)

MEMORY: ability to record, file, classify and later recover of information., essential in processing information and learning, in analogy with a computer. FORGETFULNESS: failure to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory or to recover information from the latter. AIM: to study forgetfulness in contents of Histology in students one and half year after regular course. To evaluate level of re-utilization of contents in second and third year courses. Students with high performance in 2002 (n=26) were evaluated with 20 cytology and histology questions and 20 questions related to organs. 20 multiple choice and 20 brief filled answers were used, expressing the level of usefulness of the contents in Physiology and Physicochemistry, and in the first quarter of Pathology, Microbiology and Pharmacology. The performance of 2002 course was compared with the current test, results of cytology and histology questions versus organs ones and multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The loss was in the order of 50% in the recovery of contents (37.07 +/- 1,76 = 92,6% vs. 18,52 +/- 4,33 = 46,3%) without difference between cytology and histology versus organs neither among multiple choice answers versus brief filled answers. The highest usefulness in the contents refers to Pathology (69%) and Physiology (50%) and the lesser to PhysicoChemistry.(7%) We estimate that forgetfulness in our students would have been even higher without the employment of active techniques of learning.(AU)

[Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis]. / Modificaciones de las células enteroendócrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the modifications in the number and distribution of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) in antrum of patients with Helicobacter pylori (HE) gastritis. We also wanted to demonstrate their possible participation in the immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-six (26) biopsies of gastric antrum from patients between the ages of 40 and 60 were used. Slides were stained with H&E, Giemsa for HP, and chromogranin A to visualize EEC. Five (5) patients were normal controls. Eleven (11) patients had antral chronic gastritis (ACG) with different grades of activity, and ten (10) patients had multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG), both groups associated to HP. EEC were quantified in relation to 100 epithelial cells. Results were statistically compared. RESULTS: In the normal control group, EEC were sparsely distributed, deep in antral glands, with an average 19.51 EEC/100 epithelial cells. In ACG there were 12.01/100. Besides EEC were irregularly distributed, close to inflammatory areas, or near lymphoid follicles. CONCLUSION: The decrease in EEC is probably due to degranulation and later to a disappearance or inhibition of stem cells by inflammatory products in HP gastritis. The proximity of EEC to prominent inflammatory zones may indicate EEC modulate the immune response. They produce and excrete peptides that interact with membrane receptors found in T lymphocytes and macrophages.

Modificaciones de las células enteroendocrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori / Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Objetivo: Estudiar las modificaciones en número y distribución de las células entero endocrinas (CEE) en el antro gástrico de pacientes con infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP), para demostrar su participación en la respuesta inmune. Material y Método: Se utilizaron biopsias de antro gástrico de veintiseis (26) pacientes, entre 40 y 60 años de edad. Las muestras se colorearon con HE y giemsa modificado e inmunomarcaron con Cromogranina A. Cinco pacientes integraron el grupo control. Once pacientes mostraron gastritis crónica activa y los diez restantes gastritis atrófica multifocal (AMF), ambas asociadas a HP. Las CEE se cuantificaron refiriéndoselas cada 100 células epiteliales y se evaluó el patrón de distribución de las mismas. Resultados: En antros de pacientes controles (normales), la distribución de las CEE relacionadas fue uniforme con una media de 19,51 CEE/100. En los procesos inflamatorios, se detectó 12.01 CEE/100 en las gastritis crónicas y 6.31 CEE/100 en las AMF. Asimismo se observó una distribución irregular de las CEE relacionadas con áreas inflamatorias o con folículos linfoides. Conclusiones: La disminución de las CEE correspondería a una degranulación y luego debido a la agresión del HP, a la desaparición o inhibición de las stem cell hacia la línea endócrina. La persistencia de CEE en proximidad a las áreas de mayor infiltrado inflamatório, sugeriría su participación modulando esta respuesta, probablemente liberando péptidos que interactúan con linfócitos T, macrófagos y eosinófilos. Las CEE en el antro gástrico tendrían una intervención activa en la reacción inmune provocada por el HP.

Modificaciones de las células enteroendócrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori. / [Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the modifications in the number and distribution of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) in antrum of patients with Helicobacter pylori (HE) gastritis. We also wanted to demonstrate their possible participation in the immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-six (26) biopsies of gastric antrum from patients between the ages of 40 and 60 were used. Slides were stained with H&E, Giemsa for HP, and chromogranin A to visualize EEC. Five (5) patients were normal controls. Eleven (11) patients had antral chronic gastritis (ACG) with different grades of activity, and ten (10) patients had multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG), both groups associated to HP. EEC were quantified in relation to 100 epithelial cells. Results were statistically compared. RESULTS: In the normal control group, EEC were sparsely distributed, deep in antral glands, with an average 19.51 EEC/100 epithelial cells. In ACG there were 12.01/100. Besides EEC were irregularly distributed, close to inflammatory areas, or near lymphoid follicles. CONCLUSION: The decrease in EEC is probably due to degranulation and later to a disappearance or inhibition of stem cells by inflammatory products in HP gastritis. The proximity of EEC to prominent inflammatory zones may indicate EEC modulate the immune response. They produce and excrete peptides that interact with membrane receptors found in T lymphocytes and macrophages.

Modificaciones de las células enteroendocrinas en gastritis por Helicobacter pylori / Enteroendocrine cells modifications in Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Objetivo: Estudiar las modificaciones en número y distribución de las células entero endocrinas (CEE) en el antro gástrico de pacientes con infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP), para demostrar su participación en la respuesta inmune. Material y Método: Se utilizaron biopsias de antro gástrico de veintiseis (26) pacientes, entre 40 y 60 años de edad. Las muestras se colorearon con HE y giemsa modificado e inmunomarcaron con Cromogranina A. Cinco pacientes integraron el grupo control. Once pacientes mostraron gastritis crónica activa y los diez restantes gastritis atrófica multifocal (AMF), ambas asociadas a HP. Las CEE se cuantificaron refiriéndoselas cada 100 células epiteliales y se evaluó el patrón de distribución de las mismas. Resultados: En antros de pacientes controles (normales), la distribución de las CEE relacionadas fue uniforme con una media de 19,51 CEE/100. En los procesos inflamatorios, se detectó 12.01 CEE/100 en las gastritis crónicas y 6.31 CEE/100 en las AMF. Asimismo se observó una distribución irregular de las CEE relacionadas con áreas inflamatorias o con folículos linfoides. Conclusiones: La disminución de las CEE correspondería a una degranulación y luego debido a la agresión del HP, a la desaparición o inhibición de las stem cell hacia la línea endócrina. La persistencia de CEE en proximidad a las áreas de mayor infiltrado inflamatório, sugeriría su participación modulando esta respuesta, probablemente liberando péptidos que interactúan con linfócitos T, macrófagos y eosinófilos. Las CEE en el antro gástrico tendrían una intervención activa en la reacción inmune provocada por el HP. (Au)

Modificaçöes na morfologia dos nódulos hemolinfóides de bovinos esplenectomizados / Morphological alterations in hemal nodes in splenectomized cattle

Pelo estudo das alteraçöes morfológicas nos nódulos hemolinfóides, averiguou-se a compensaçäo da deficiência imunológica transitória em bovinos esplenectomizados. Houve aumento acentuado de tamanho dos nódulos hemolinfóides dois meses após a esplenectomia. Além disso, ocorreu aumento significativo na espessura da zona intermediária dos nódulos hemolinfóides, bem como hiperplasia celular porém sem modificaçäo na populaçäo e distribuiçäo das células. As células B foram detectadas na zona central dos folículos, enquanto que as CD4+ se assentaram no córtex, na área interfolicular e nos cordöes da zona intermediária. As células M2+ estavam dispersas no tecido cordonal e as CD8+ coraram-se de modo similar às células CD4+

[Intraepithelial enteroendocrine cells in cecum and appendix from ovoalbumin sensitized rabbits]. / Células enteroendocrinas intraepiteliales en ciego y apéndice de conejos sensibilizados con ovoalbumina.

Intraepithelial enteroendocrine cells (IEC) produce peptides which influence motility, secretion and absorption of nutrients. Recently the role of these cells in the immune mucosal system is under study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modifications in number of IEC in cecum and appendix from Ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized rabbits. Twenty adult New Zealand rabbits were separated in two groups: Group 1 (G1 = 10) not sensitized normal control. Group 2 (G2 = 10) were sensitized twice intraperitoneally with 70 mg OVA and 30 mg ALUM/ml (aluminium hydroxide). Anti OVA specific IgE was evaluated by means of PCA test (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis). Samples form cecum and appendix were fixed in buffered formaldehyde 10%, paraffin embedded and stained with anti-Chromogranin A for neuroendocrine cells. 400 high power fields were counted in each animal, referred as IEC/100 enterocytes. In cecum surface epithelium and crypt were considered. Surface epithelium, deep crypts and superficial crypts were evaluated in appendix. Results showed in cecum in G1:1,6 IEC/100 enterocytes in surface epithelium and 3/100 in crypts; G2 6 IEC/100 in surface epithelium and 12/100 in crypts. The difference between G1 and G2 was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In appendix surface epithelium from G1 showed 5.2/100 while G2 5.4/100. Superficial crypts 8.5 (G1) and 11.3 (G2) (p < 0.05) and deep crypts 4.9 (G1) and 8.5 (G2) (p < 0.01). The results showed that OVA-sensitized animals presented increment in the number of IEC in surface epithelium and crypts which may indicate a relationship between these cells and rabbit mucosal immune system.

Células enteroendocrinas intraepiteliales en ciego y apéndice de conejos sensibilizados con ovoalbumina / Intraepithelial enteroendocrine cells in cecum and appendix from ovalbumin sensitized rabbits

Las células enteroendócrinas se relacionan con la motilidad, secreción y absorción de nutrientes. Actualmente está en estudio su relación con la respuesta inmune. El ciego y el apéndice del conejo, contienen en su luz bacterias y nutrientes en distintas etapas de digestión, con potencial acción antígenica. En el presente trabajo se evalúan las modificaciones en número y distribución de las células enteroendócrinas intraepiteliales en ciego y apéndice cecal de conejos sensibilizados con ovoalbúmina (OVA). Se utilizaron conejos neozelandeses adultos divididos en dos grupos, G1: grupo control (n=10). G2: sensibilizados vía intraperitoneal con OVA (n=10). Muestra de ciego y apéndice se fijaron en formol buffer al 10 por ciento marcándose las células enteroendócrinas con anticuerpo monoclonal anti-cromogranina A. En cada animal se contaron 400 campos microscópicos a mayor aumento, refiriéndose el número de células enteroendócrinas cada 100 enterocitos. En ciego se consideró epitelio superficial y criptal, mientras que en apéndice, epitelio superficial, criptas superficiales y criptas profundas. En epitelio superficial de ciego se hallaron 1,6 CEI/100 enterocitos en epitelio superficial y 3/100 en criptas. En G2 6 CEI/100 en epitelio superficial y 12/100 en criptas. La diferencia entre G1 y G2 fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). En apéndice el epitelio superficial del G1 mostró 5,2/100 mientras que en G2 fue de 5.4/100 (no significativo). Las criptas superficiales evidenciaron 8,5/100 (G1) y 11.3/100 (G2) (p<0,05). En criptas profundas 4,9/100 (G1) y 8,5/100 (G2) (p<0,05). En los animales sensibilizados se detectó aumento significativo en la cantidad de células enteroendócrinas en ambos órganos. Dicho incremento podría atribuirse a un aumento de los gránulos intracitoplasmáticos o a la diferenciación de células generatrices a células APUD, como respuesta a la sensibilización.

Células enteroendocrinas intraepiteliales en ciego y apéndice de conejos sensibilizados con ovoalbumina / Intraepithelial enteroendocrine cells in cecum and appendix from ovalbumin sensitized rabbits

Las células enteroendócrinas se relacionan con la motilidad, secreción y absorción de nutrientes. Actualmente está en estudio su relación con la respuesta inmune. El ciego y el apéndice del conejo, contienen en su luz bacterias y nutrientes en distintas etapas de digestión, con potencial acción antígenica. En el presente trabajo se evalúan las modificaciones en número y distribución de las células enteroendócrinas intraepiteliales en ciego y apéndice cecal de conejos sensibilizados con ovoalbúmina (OVA). Se utilizaron conejos neozelandeses adultos divididos en dos grupos, G1: grupo control (n=10). G2: sensibilizados vía intraperitoneal con OVA (n=10). Muestra de ciego y apéndice se fijaron en formol buffer al 10 por ciento marcándose las células enteroendócrinas con anticuerpo monoclonal anti-cromogranina A. En cada animal se contaron 400 campos microscópicos a mayor aumento, refiriéndose el número de células enteroendócrinas cada 100 enterocitos. En ciego se consideró epitelio superficial y criptal, mientras que en apéndice, epitelio superficial, criptas superficiales y criptas profundas. En epitelio superficial de ciego se hallaron 1,6 CEI/100 enterocitos en epitelio superficial y 3/100 en criptas. En G2 6 CEI/100 en epitelio superficial y 12/100 en criptas. La diferencia entre G1 y G2 fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). En apéndice el epitelio superficial del G1 mostró 5,2/100 mientras que en G2 fue de 5.4/100 (no significativo). Las criptas superficiales evidenciaron 8,5/100 (G1) y 11.3/100 (G2) (p<0,05). En criptas profundas 4,9/100 (G1) y 8,5/100 (G2) (p<0,05). En los animales sensibilizados se detectó aumento significativo en la cantidad de células enteroendócrinas en ambos órganos. Dicho incremento podría atribuirse a un aumento de los gránulos intracitoplasmáticos o a la diferenciación de células generatrices a células APUD, como respuesta a la sensibilización. (AU)

[Intraepithelial T cell population in ileum from ovalbumin sensitized rabbit]. / Población intraepitelial de linfocitos T en íleon de conejos sensibilizados con ovoalbumina.

We characterize the intraepithelial T cell population of terminal ileum from intraperitoneally OVA-sensitized New Zealand rabbit after oral challenge. High anti-OVA specific IgE levels elicited after sensitization were evaluated by positive passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) at 160 fold dilutions. Anaphylactic response in gut after the oral challenge was confirmed by evaluation of edema in villi and marked mast cell degranulatin. Total T cells (CD5+), T cells subset (CD4+) and MHC II R-DQ positive cells expressed as the number of positive cells/1000 nuclei, were analyzed for each tissue. Positive cells were counted in 30 villi by light microscopy. The number of CD5+ cells was 122.5 cells/1000 nuclei. Activated cells in small bowel epithelium 8 hours after challenge in experimental group, expressed by MHC II R-DQ showed an increase: 32.2 as compared to control group: 12.6 positive cells/1000 nuclei (p < 0.05) and compared to experimental group 1 hour after challenge 9.3 (p < 0.05). We demonstrated an increment of activated T cells in gut epithelium of terminal ileum in OVA-sensitized group after oral challenge.